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winter rye

Dec 29 2012

Are Cover Crops Profitable to the Farmer?

Establishing the row crop into a cover crop is vital for success.  Very rarely do I see this as a problem as farmers do a great job of "precision planting" corn and soybeans.
Establishing the row crop into a cover crop is vital for success. Very rarely do I see this as a problem as farmers do a great job of “precision planting” corn and soybeans.

Cover Crops: Will I Get a Return on Investment

Over the past two months my brother Don Robison and I have had opportunities in Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin to share a presentation entitled “Return On Investment from Cover Crops.”  I will do the same in Ontario and Michigan over the next few weeks.

Sarah Carlson from Practical Farmers of Iowa told me that after Joel Gruver and I spoke in Iowa that farmers were leaving the presentation room excited and ready to plant more cover crops in 2013.  That gets me excited!

However, do cover crops always show extra profit for every producer in every field?  The answer is “no.”

Robison Farms Research Plots

In a previous post I shared data, along with the other interesting benefits, that we found in our long-term no-tilled soil – compared to the same soil with cover crop plots.

However, the real reason we did the research was to find out if we could be even more profitable when using cover crops with no-till instead of just long-term no-till.  What we found was a significant increase in profitability in each of our plots in 2012.

The net revenue on each cover crop species or mix was considerable on our farm in 2012.

The net revenue on each cover crop species or mix was considerable on our farm in 2012.  We used $5.75/bushel as the value of our corn.

 

The “worst” profit improvement was $41.78/acre and the “best” was $286.94/acre – impressive figures.

However, we did see additional benefits that may not always add this kind of improved profit:

  • increased earthworm activity
  • improved root mass and root depth
  • improved water infiltration
  • improved plant health

But these may not always add profit.

Other  $uccess Stories

Since the inception of Plant Cover Crops.com, many farmers I’ve gotten to know have had increased yields and profits.  Dave from Central Indiana has had very good success with improved profitability and improved soils.  Dave, from NW Ohio, has seen improved yields and profits following cover crops most years.

Others like Dan DeSutter, Rodney Rulon, Terry Taylor, Cameron Mills, and Larry Bonnell have had great success and continue to use cover crops more and more while refining their systems to fit their needs and management practices.

It is easy to see the area where the soybeans were planted into tilled ground over a new tile compared to the soybeans no-tilled  into winter cereal rye.
It is easy to see the area where the soybeans were planted into tilled ground over a new tile compared to the soybeans no-tilled into winter cereal rye.

Cover Crop Disappointments

As I said earlier, not every farmer will have success with cover crops every time.

Bob Ormiston,  from NW Indiana, recently e-mailed me about his 2012 experience.

Last year we had three fields of cereal rye which we sprayed about the time the rye was starting to head.  In two of the fields, we had worked new tile lines to level the ground and wiped out the cereal rye.  There was an enormous difference in the quality of the bean stand, and the no-rye tilled beans were significantly taller than the beans planted into the rye.  I think it is fair to say that in 2 of the 3 fields we took a 5-10 bpa yield hit because of the cereal rye.  The problem was very likely compounded by the crazy dry and hot weather.  The field with the best stand made 58 bpa.  The other two around 49.

Bob later commented,

The beans in the worked areas of the cereal rye had a much better stand and throughout most of the growing season they were taller.  They were all drilled with a JD no-till drill.  The rye was around 20 inches tall and starting to head.  The beans were planted about 1.25 inches deep.  Weed control was excellent and both glyphosate and Extreme were utilized.  To reiterate, I felt the perceived yield loss in 2 of our 3 bean fields was a direct result of the drought and high temps.  The 78 acre field that yielded 58 bpa received substantially more rain and generally had a much better stand than the other 2 fields.

Tom Burlingham from Wisconsin notes,

›Neighbors plot had 10 bu less corn per acre where there was radish cover after 2011 wheat. 75 vs 65. Three strip trial with UW Ext. (Under exceptionally dry conditions.)

Multi-Year Research from Iowa

A three year study done by Practical Farmers of Iowa has shown both improved yields AND also yield loss when following winter cereal rye with corn and soybeans. It is important to note that when yield was lost it was sometimes a failure to control the cover crop adequately.  However, that was not always the case – their 2010 corn yield following winter cereal rye was negatively impacted in each of their locations.

Conclusions

While cover crops have been the “hot topic” over the past 3-4 years we still have a lot to learn.

Some experienced cover croppers may scoff at losing yield and claim it is because only one species was used as a cover crop – that we all need to use “cocktail mixes.”

Others may say that using one species is all they are comfortable with managing.

Both groups might be correct in their thinking.  But each individual farmer must make his own choice of what he can deal with (or wants to deal with).  Bob Ormiston is investigating using Hairy Vetch and Crimson Clover with a grass mixture in 2013 before his 2014 corn crop.  My brother, Dad, and I are looking to do straight winter cereal rye before all of our soybeans in 2014.

Whatever choice a producer makes should always have a goal of improving the soil health.  If the soil is healthier, then usually a better, more profitable crop will follow.  But it does not always happen that way.  Like many things in life, patience and best management practices usually pay off – and most likely will always pay off in the long run.

I’m interested to hear about your experiences using cover crops. Have you seen a benefit? Have you struggled? You can share your thoughts below in the comment section or send me an email.

 

Written by Dave Robison · Categorized: Cover Crop Benefits, Cover Crop Challenges, Higher Yields, Lower Yields possible · Tagged: cereal rye, Challenges in drought years following cover crops, cover crops, Improve corn yields, Improved Soybean yields after Winter Cereal Rye, Lower Yields after cover crops, soil health, Soybeans after Winter Cereal Rye, stand establishment following cover crops, winter rye

Sep 04 2012

Cover Crops Provide Improved Corn Yields in On-Farm Trial

All of what is reported below was accomplished after only one year of cover crops.  This work was inspired by a conversation Don and I had last winter with Dr. Eileen Kladivko from Purdue University.  As I say in cover crop meetings,

Don’t expect a miracle the first year – but look for one.

Over the exceptionally dry and super hot late-spring/summer months of 2012 my brother Don Robison collected “plant-health” related data on our corn field at Robison Farms near Greenwood, IN.  Don took data on the corn  from each area of the cover crop plot we planted last fall over the top of a soybean field as well in the “check area” (no cover crop area).

The data he took throughout the summer included plant chlorophyll readings, plant height, and compaction readings.  I presented some of the chlorophyll data on the CropLife Webinar and at several cover crop meetings this summer (and more is posted below).

On August 15th Don and I took hand harvested yield checks from each area and from the check area.   The data on the corn yield was almost identical to what we found with the chlorophyll data and compaction data. Where we had the healthier plants all season long (more “green-ness” and deeper roots) we had higher yields.

To figure yield we utilized this formula we found at a Purdue University agronomy website.

Each cover crop treatment out yielded the “no cover crop check”. The top three yielding plots also had the least compaction and highest chlorophyll readings through out the drought stricken summer.  The check plot yield was 105.24 bushels per acre.  The top yield estimate was 164.82 bushels per acre.

 

The area where the plot was had a 24″ water line was installed by the county in 2009; so it was intended to be a “rescue disturbed soil trial”.  The corn was not harvested directly over the water line but it was where the soil from the water line was mixed in with the top soil.  In 2011 the field was in Soybeans and yielded 48 bushels/acre.  In 2010 the field was corn and yielded 198 bushels/acre.  The whole field has been no-tilled for most of the past 20 years (there were some years with conventional tillage done – mainly in the early 90’s).  175 Units of N were applied (100 units (28%) with the chemical burn down application early season and 75 units side dressed (28%) in early May).

Rainfall from May 1 to July 31 was 2.24″ (with only 0.75 from May 1 to July 19).  There were 42 days over 90 degrees and 8 days over 100 degrees during that time.  All time record dry and heat was recorded in July, 2012 in the area.

Don took chlorophyll readings weekly (one week missed in July due to a family vacation).  He took 30 chlorophyll readings per plot per sampling date.  He also took multiple plant height readings each time as well.  He followed the manufacturers instructions on the chlorophyll readings and penetrometer tests.  Don spent a lot of time in this field so we could all have this data!  Thanks to The CISCO Companies for providing the seed, equipment, and Don’s labor to collect this data.

 

This chart shows the percentage above the no cover crop area (the “check”) compared to the different cover crop mixes. The two comparisons on the far right are from a soybean study we ran where we had cover crops two consecutive years compared to one year (more data and a post coming soon on this study).

Observations:

  • The plot areas that rated healthier (more green-ness and taller) yielded the best.
  • The plots areas where there was less compaction yielded the best
  • The plots with annual ryegrass did not fare as well as some others in this drought year – yet was still considerably above the check.
  • Not all plots with radish were “top” yielding – however two of the top three yielding plots had legumes plus radish.
  • Plots with legumes were generally healthier all season long and their yield reflected that.
  • I doubt that the whole field will average over 100 bushels/acre.  As with all hand yield tests they are estimates but I believe that the comparison is very accurate.
  • The Austrian Winter Peas, Crimson Clover, and Appin Turnips overwintered “beautifully” and were growing aggressively when sprayed at burndown.
  • There was a considerable amount of earthworm activity in the cover crop area but only a few earthworms were found in the “check” area. That is unfortunate because 2 acres were covered and 48 acres were not!
  • There were more corn roots in the plot areas we dug vs. the check area (watch for a new post coming on this soon).
  • There was more moisture in the soil where the cover crop plots were compared to the check area.
  • The soil structure was considerably better in each cover crop plot vs. the check area.
Don recorded over 180 chlorophyll readings in each cover crop plot and check plot over the summer.

 

The check plot had 175 units of nitrogen plus the whole field had been soybeans the previous year. While the annual ryegrass blend plot was above the check all season long it was not up to the desired level until after the July 19 rain event.

 

The plot with the Oats and Rye and Appin Turnips was impressive most of the spring and summer. It was at or above the desired rating until August. It was very impressive right after the July rain event and that is possibly why it had the second highest estimated yield. By the way, the turnips did live through the winter.
All season long I was convinced that the plot where the Austrian Winter Peas and Radish were was going to have the highest yield based on the data shown above (and plant height readings). It beat the second place entry by less than 1/2 bushel in the yield estimate.

Written by Dave Robison · Categorized: Breaking Up Compaction, Cover Crop Benefits, Cover Crop Research, Higher Yields · Tagged: Annual Ryegrass, Appin Turnips, Austrian Winter Peas, cereal rye, corn after cover crops, cover crop radishes, how to improve corn yields, improve corn yield with cover crops, nitrogen production with cover crops, Oats, reduce compaction with cover crops, soybeans, winter rye

Jul 17 2012

Harvesting Cover Crops for Emergency Fall Forage

Need Feed?

Many producers across the Midwest and beyond have very poor corn. Grain and Silage yields will be significantly lower than normal in 2012.

Harvesting cover crops for emergency fall forage may be able to play a major role in lessening the impact of the 2012 drought disaster for livestock producers.  As I traveled from Indiana to eastern Iowa and through Wisconsin I saw dry ponds, cracked soil, nearly dead alfalfa, completely brown pastures, and an exceptionally poor corn crop.

I have received phone call after phone call from dairy and beef producers asking what cover crops they can use to provide food for their animals this fall and winter.  Below I have listed a variety of choices that may work well for producers needing feed (if we get rain).  By the way, these choices are also excellent cover crops.

Fall Forage Fast- Mechanically Harvested

Sudangrass or Sorghum X Sudangrass

BMR Sudangrass is a great choice for fall feed - IF you can get your hands on some this year.

Both of these would be choice 1-A and 1-B. However the producers in Texas have been experiencing drought for the past few years and seed supply is exceptionally tight.  Choose BMR varieties if you can find them.

Spring Oats/Spring Triticale

This photo was taken south of East Lansing, MI in April 2010 and shows Oats in the center with Cereal Rye to the left and Spring Triticale to the right.

This is not a “sexy” choice but it is a very good option.  Oats sown in July and August will out-produce all of the winter cereal grains if a fall harvest is desired.  I have worked with Ed Ballard from the University of Illinois and Gary Wilson from Ohio State University Extension for a number of years on summer seeding Oats and found great success almost every year.

Stan Smith from OSU Extension is a real believer in summer seeding oats as seen in this excellent article.  Seed the Oats at 2 bu/acre and fertilize with 50+ Units of N or manure equivalent.  Spring Triticale will behave very similarly to Oats when summer seeded.

Oats and Crimson Clover

From this photo of crimson clover, you can see the potential forage value planted with oats (note the field in the background).

I really like this mix because it will be higher quality than plain oats.  Plant the oats in the grain box and the crimson clover in the small seed box.  Plant the oats at 2 bu/acre and the crimson clover at 5-8#/acre.

Nathan Anderson of Cherokee, Iowa (NW Iowa) planted this mixture in 2011 and had very good success. While taking one cutting for hay and grazing 2 times in the fall/winter, he showed a profit of nearly $140/acre in beef production (weight gain) and hay produced.

Make sure that the crimson clover is inoculated and do not plant the crimson clover more than 1/2″ deep.

Oats and Cereal Rye (or Winter Triticale)

Oats (left) and Rye (right) planted in August show the value of Oats as a fall forage in this photo taken in October 2011 in NE Indiana.


Harvest the oats in the fall and the cereal rye in the spring.  I’d look at 2 bu/acre oats and 1 -1/2 bu/acre on the cereal winter rye or triticale.  Consider adding 5-8# of Crimson clover to this mix as well.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oats (or Spring Triticale) and Peas (Forage or Austrian Winter Peas)

Austrian winter peas can produce A LOT of quality forage.

Plant a 50/50 mix of this combination for high quality fall forage.  Be sure to inoculate the peas.  Plant this mix 1 1/2 -2″ deep for best success.

 

 

Annual Ryegrass/Annual Ryegrass – Crimson Clover Mix or Italian Ryegrass

Annual ryegrass makes great fall and spring feed. It loves nitrogen, so apply plenty of manure. Add crimson clover to this, and WOW!

Annual Ryegrass or Italian Ryegrass will not produce the tonnage that the spring cereal grains will.  Ryegrass needs cooler temperatures, more moisture, and more fertility than the spring cereal grains need.  The main benefit is that you can get a very high quality forage…just not a lot of it unless you have the moisture, cooler temps, and higher fertility.  Maybe in the southern parts of the Midwest and further south this can be a good option.  Italian Ryegrass will not grow as aggressively in the fall as Annual Ryegrass will.

 

Spring or Winter Barley

Barley is a multipurpose cover crop that can be beneficial to hog, dairy, and beef producers.  It is a wonderful grain to use for feed and it is harvested for grain in June.  The haylage would be harvested in May with plenty of time to plant corn silage or Sudangrass.  Spring Barley planted in July/August will act like Oats and spring Triticale. Winter Barley will act more like cereal rye or winter Triticale.  Plant 2 bu/acre for grain production and 3 bu/acre for forage production.  Use less N than you would with Wheat or Ryegrass.

Spring or Winter Barley is also an option. Barley grain can be fed pretty similarly to corn and be harvested in June.

 

 

Written by Dave Robison · Categorized: Cover Crop Benefits, Cover Crops for Forage, Fall Grazing, Grazing Cover Crops · Tagged: cover crop radishes, cover crops, Cover Crops for Forage, Crimson Clover, Forage Peas, Oats, Pasja, Triticale, turnips, winter rye

Nov 10 2011

Cover Crop Field Day Set at Robison Farms

CISCO Seeds, Robison Farms, and Dougherty Fertilizer are sponsoring a Cover Crop Field Day and Root Dig at the Greenwood, Indiana farm. If you’ve not had an opportunity to see cover crops in a real life farm setting, this will be a great meeting for you . There will be multiple species available to look at and expert agronomists on hand to answer questions.

 

When:

Wednesday, November 30, 2011 from 2-4 P.M.

Location:

Corner of Five Point Road (300 East) and Main Street (Rocklane Road) east of Greenwood, IN

Contact:

If you have questions or need further information contact  Don Robison at donrobison@ciscoseeds.com or 317-357-7013

  • Rain or shine we will have a gathering (call if the weather is bad for “plan B”)

 

Cover Crop Field Day Highlights

Come see ten different mixes and/or species of cover crops in a large plot setting.
  • 1100’ lineal feet of cover crop plots
  • 10 different mixes or straight species shown
  • guaranteed weather! (not saying what kind)
  • working with NRCS, SWCD, and Dougherty Fertilizer
  • root digs (weather contingent)
  • Cover Crop Agronomists on hand for tours and Q/A sessions
  • See over 150 acres of various Cover Crops withing 1/2 mile of plots

 

Purpose of the cover crop field day

To see different species of cover crops in a real to life situation. This was a soybean field that had the cover crops applied over the top of the standing crop at roughly 50% leaf drop.

 

Species You Will See

 

  • Radishes
  • Turnips
  • Crimson Clover
  • Oats
  • Winter Rye
  • Annual Ryegrass
  • Austrian Winter Peas
  • Several Mixes including the above species

 

 

 

Directions:

From Indianapolis

  • Take I-65 South to Exit 99. Turn Left at end of ramp and travel 1.5 miles east to the plots

From Louisville

  • Take I-65 North to Exit 99. Turn Right at end of ramp and travel 1.5 miles east to the plots

From Columbus, OH

  • Take I-70 West to Indianapolis, follow 465 South to I-65 South to Exit 99. Turn Left at end of ramp and travel 1.5 miles east to the plots

From Terre Haute

  • Take I-70 East to Indianapolis, follow 465 South to I-65 South to Exit 99. Turn Left at end of ramp and travel 1.5 miles east to the plots

 

Just down the road we plan on digging another pit where Annual Ryegrass and Appin Turnips were applied after hog manure was knifed in after wheat.

Written by Dave Robison · Categorized: Cover Crop Plots, Education, Field Days · Tagged: aerial application of cover crops, Annual Ryegrass, Austrian Winter Peas, cocktail mixes, compaction, corn, Cover Crop Benefits, cover crop mixes, cover crop plots, cover crop radishes, cover crop seeding rates, cover crops, Crimson Clover, earthworms, flying cover crops into corn, Groundhog radish, no-till, Oats, oats and radishes, oilseed radishes, Radishes, reducing compaction, scavenge nitrogen, seeding rates, soil compaction, soybeans, tillage, timing of planting cover crops, Wheat, Winter Cereal Rye, winter rye

Sep 15 2011

Photo Diary – Soybeans planted into a Cereal Rye cover crop – part 3

My cover cropping and no-till friend Dave from Central Indiana has allowed us to look in at his farming operation this year. (Did you notice I have friends named Dave who plant cover crops?) –  In previous posts Dave has shared about his no-till planting and spraying soybeans into cover crop cereal rye and later he shared about the progress the beans were making in the rye cover crop.  Dave has a knack for photography and farming and I greatly appreciate that Dave is willing to share his thoughts and experiences with all of us. Below is the note Dave sent me about his cover crops and his no-till soybeans. (I am using this with Dave’s permission).

 

I thought it would be a good idea to snap some final pictures of the soybeans behind my house that were no-tilled into Cereal Rye before we harvested them. It has been very exciting to watch this on-going experiment this season. I am optimistic that this field will yield very well. Since the last photos that I sent you in early July, I foliar fed the field on July 29th, but never had to go back in to spray with Roundup for weed control since the burndown application I made six days after planting. There are a very few random weeds in the field, but nothing of any significance. One negative observation with this field has been that the soybeans got very tall and thus have lodged in some of the darker ground. I planted them at 180,000 seeds / acre in 15″ rows not knowing how they would emerge through that heavy cereal rye cover. Next year I will likely use this same cereal rye cover strategy ahead of soybeans on a much larger scale but will probably back the planting population back to around 120,000 – 135,000 seeds / acre. I also might consider, depending upon the growing season, using Cobra Herbicide at a late vegetative stage to help control the soybean height and also trigger an immune response to help against White Mold. I could see White Mold being a potential problem with this system because of the very heavy residue cover not allowing enough air movement into the canopy. I will probably try to harvest this field next week sometime.

I asked Dave if he saw white mold this year and he replied “I didn’t see a white mold issue this year because the weather turned off very hot and dry. I think if we have average temperatures and average or above average moisture during a growing season, white mold could be a possible problem with this system.”

Now for the photos that Dave sent…

Beautiful soybeans, weed-free, no-till planted into a cereal rye cover crop
These soybeans planted into a rye cover crop are clean and heavily podded on Dave’s farm in a year that has been hot and dry after a wet, cold spring.

The soybeans are lodging a bit in the darker soils but over-all this field looks awesome!

I was speaking at a cover crop meeting this past summer at Purdue University and I mentioned Dave and this “trial” he was doing and a gentleman came up to me after the meeting and he told me he knew Dave.  He told me that Dave is “the best” farmer he has ever met!  It’s obvious that Dave is an “elite” farmer!

 

Written by Dave Robison · Categorized: Types of Cover Crops, Winter Cereal Rye · Tagged: cereal rye, cover crops, soybeans, Soybeans after cereal rye, Winter Cereal Rye, winter rye

Sep 06 2011

Why Soybeans Look Great After Cereal Rye

Barry Fisher, Indiana State Agronomist for NRCS in the pit in the grassy area that had shallow roots.

In Mid-August I had the honor of speaking at a cover crop field day in Tipton County, Indiana.  At that field day there were some root pits dug that were quite interesting.  One of the pits was in an area where some top soil had been removed and fill dirt had been put back over the top of where soil had been removed.  Now that area is a “grassy pasture-like” area.  What surprised me was that the roots on the forage grasses were not particularly deep into the soil profile – only 10-15″.  I found them to be much more shallow rooted than expected.

In the other pit the producer had been no-till farming for a number of years and for the past six years using cover crops as well.  In this pit we found soybean roots much deeper than forage grass roots!  See the video here. The cover crop used last year in the field was winter cereal rye.  The soybean crop looked excellent in a very dry time of the year.

Observations from the pit in the soybean field:

  • soybean roots around 40 inches deep
  • large nodules approximately 20 inches deep
  • dense, thick, healthy soybean roots
Markers along the side wall of the soil pit show evidence of soybean roots found at different depths.
Large soybean nodules found around 20 inches deep following a cereal rye cover crop in a continuous no-tilled field.

Obviously we don’t know the yield on the soybeans yet but they sure podded up well and I’m confident went through the drought better than shallower rooted soybeans.

Written by Dave Robison · Categorized: Types of Cover Crops, Winter Cereal Rye · Tagged: cover crops, soybeans, Winter Cereal Rye, winter rye

Jul 15 2010

Winter Cereal Rye

One of the most popular cover crops is winter cereal rye.   It is a very versatile cover crop that has few disadvantages.  While it does not have the deep, nor fibrous root system that annual ryegrass has, it reportedly has had 45″ deep roots found in north-central Indiana in May.  Winter cereal rye can be planted later in the fall than other cover crops and still have an excellent stand the next spring.


Advantages of Winter Cereal Rye:

  • Excellent winterhardiness
  • Very good for erosion control
  • Good root depth
  • Can be planted later than other cover crops
  • Makes very good haylage
  • Early maturing so following crop can be planted earlier
  • Assists in weed control for subsequent crop
  • Good scavenger of nutrients
  • Very good for aerial application
  • Very good for winter and spring grazing
  • Makes very good “green manure” if plowed in
  • Mixes well with oats and turnips

Disadvantages of Winter Cereal Rye:

  • Potential for alleopathy issues with following crop (not likely)
  • Not the top choice for erosion control or rooting depth
  • Spring growth can “get out of control” if not killed early
  • Not much fall growth for forage
  • Not the top choice for forage quality

To view a video on Cereal Rye and Radishes watch below!

Written by Dave Robison · Categorized: Winter Cereal Rye, YouTube Videos · Tagged: cereal rye, cover crops, Winter Cereal Rye, winter rye

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